Compare and Contrast Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Compare and Contrast - Assignment Example The question is why, despite of many oppositions against it, does discrimination still exist in many cultures of the African countries? Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a controversial international issue on human rights that many people from different cultures, whether they are for or against female circumcision, vary in opinions which come in clash with one another. The World Health Organization (2012) defines female genital mutilation as a procedure that involves partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or any other injury to the female genital organs, whether for cultural, religious or other non-therapeutic reasons. It is often called female circumcision implying the male circumcision as reasonable counterpart for the rite of passage of the masculine gender. However, it differs greatly from male circumcision because the degree of cutting is far more extensive, which human right advocates believe to be inhuman. This is one of many reasons why human rights’ enthusiasts fight against female genital mutilation as it is considered as a violation on the rights of women and children causing gr eat harm rather than being good according to anti-FGM enthusiasts. Focusing on the ill effects of female genital mutilation, according to anti-FGM and pro health movements, it often impairs a woman’s sexual and reproductive functions and can even affect the ability of girls and women to pass urine and menstrual flow normally that often leads to retention and further infection of the genital and pelvic area. This is why WHO have termed the practice a female genital mutilation because universally it mutilates women violating their rights (Royal College of Nursing, 2006). FGM has been a practice that can be traced a thousand years ago and still flourish even on today’s most modern and humanistic times. If it has been deemed as a violation of human rights then the question is why for humanity’s sake it still persists

How the news affects stock prices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How the news affects stock prices - Essay Example Research suggests that there is a positive correlation between the political news and the stock prices. Asset prices and returns are determined by the changes in the economic as well as political variables and since the stock returns are expected values therefore the arrival of any news changes these expectations. (Elmendorf, Hirschfield and Weil). The event of 9/11 virtually forced the stock markets of the world to close for couple of days to accommodate the stock prices to adjust to this event and most of the companies especially in airline sector witness complete erosion of their market capitalization within the matter of days after the incident. The Efficient Market Hypothesis suggest that all the news are being discounted into the stock prices as market expect them however with the news like the death of US President through a terrorist attack, this sudden and strong news will cause the major shake up in the stock market and the stock prices of Coke and Microsoft will certainly drop in order to account for the increase uncertainty and risk involved due to the death of US President. EMH suggest that only the unexpected part of the news has the power to shake the market therefore with the news of the murder of the US President market will respond to it in negative way. Previous research conducted on the correlation between the stock prices and the news suggested that there is hardly a correlation between the both however after allowing for different stages of the business cycles, the news has a very positive correlation to the stock prices. (McQueen and Roley). This is particularly true in the news event of the murder of Former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto of Pakistan who was assassinated in the last week of Dec 2007. Though her death caused million of dollars loss to the government of Pakistan as there were widespread riots all over the country but stock prices did not reflected that political event in that much amount as the

The Importance Of The Physical Evidence Marketing Essay

The Importance Of The Physical Evidence Marketing Essay Services are radically different from products and need to be marketed very differently. So the classical 4 P structure of the Marketing Mix needs to be modified suitably to incorporate the 8 Ps for services marketing, which was previously known as 7 Ps only. Services can range from financial services provided by the banks to technology services provided by the IT Company or hospitality services provided by hotels and restaurants Services marketing are dominated by the 7 Ps of marketing namely  Product, Price,   Place, Promotion, People, Process  and  Physical evidence. All of these factors are necessary for optimum service delivery. While everyone knows about the 7 Ps of services marketing, the  8th P of Services Marketing  has emerged in research very recently. The 8th P is  Productivity and Quality. 8-P-Marketing-Mix Physical evidence Physical evidence is the ability and environment in which the service is delivered.  Both tangible goods that help to communicate and perform the service, and the intangible experience of the existing customers and the ability  of  the  business  to  relay  that  customer  satisfaction  to  potentialcustomers.Physical  evidence  is  the  element  of  the  service  mix  which  allows  thecustomer again to make judgments on the organization. Consumers will make perceptions based  on their  sight of the  service provision which will have an impact on the organizations perceptual plan of the service. For e.g. If one moves into a restaurant his expectations are of a clean, friendly environment, besides high quality food which is  the core  service of  the restaurant. On an aircraft if he travels he expects enough room to be able to laydown.Some  points  stating  the  importance  of  physical  evidence  in  service m arketing are- à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Physical evidence  is packaging for services, therefore creation of  service environment should not be left to chance. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Customer  judges  the  service  quality  through  the  process  of  deduction. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Physical evidences both- dominant and peripheral should be co-ordinated to achieve uniformity in its projected service image. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Peripheral  evidences  are  small  and  trivial  but  have  impact  oncustomer  perception  about  services  and  are  real  source  of  competitive differentiation. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢It makes the intangible service apparent. Physical Environment of Hotel: à ¢Ã…“†location   Ã‚  What kind of customers prefers a city centre?   What  kind  of  customers  prefers  a  hotel  at seaside? à ¢Ã…“†Signs and logos Many hotels belong to chains and their signs and logos are well known. Different chains help hotels to profitable business. Competition is very hard nowadays. Good reputation and recommendations help very much a hotel to get new customers and also make them to come again. à ¢Ã…“†Style, furniture, colors, lighting à ¢Ã…“†Clean air: some customers want luxury, and they are ready to pay for it. Other customers are satisfied with a little lower level. à ¢Ã…“†Reception What is good customer service at the reception? à ¢Ã…“†Office, information, customer service Is it easy to reserve a room? What is the easiest way to reserve a room today? Good customer service is very important in the competition  today. à ¢Ã…“†A hotel room What does a customer want from a good hotel room? The room itself and the bath room must be clean and the bed must be comfortable. Something extra  provided  that  a  customer  has  not  expected gives a good feeling. à ¢Ã…“†Restaurant- heart of the Hotel The restaurant and its kitchen create the heart of a hotel. At a big hotel there can be many different types of restaurants. Reception A hotel receptionists job is to make guests feel welcome, to check them in and out efficiently, and to deal professionally with enquiries, face to face and by phone, fax or email. When guests call at a hotel to make a booking, the receptionist is the first person they speak to and may also be the first person whom they meet at arrival. The receptionist in short represents the entire hotel in front  of the customer. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢The Hotel should provide a 24 hour reception service. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢At the Hotel  there should  an  array  of  experienced  and  qualified receptionist to handle the customers. They should work in a batch of three that is at any time there should be three receptionists in the front office for  the convenience of the customers.  They should change the shifts to ensure the best service possible. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢The  receptionists should  act  as  a  guide,  a  friend,  a counselor to the  customer. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢They should use laptops and telephones to manage the accounts and to handle the queries or to provide service to the customer.   Ãƒ ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢The front office plays the most important part in hospitality industry. Welcoming the customer with a smile, making them feel important is the valuable job of the receptionist. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Receptionists at Hotel should provide extra services such as calling the in house porter to carry the luggage, arranging for conveyance for  sightseeing or official visits, booking flight or rail tickets and arranging parties. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Receptionist should look after the customers personal taste such as his menu, movies and music and proper functioning of equipments in his room. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢The  receptionist should  also  allott  time  for  visits  to  the  spa  and  fixeappointments with doctors. This aspect of service  in a  Hotel  accounts  for  the  high  satisfaction  among  its customers. Rooms at Hotel Rooms should be spacious and attractively decorated. The rooms can be differentiated on two major criterias.   Space  Facilities  provided. The rooms can be categorized as follows: superior, deluxe, club, crescent, terrace, executive and presidential suite. However the superior, deluxe and club  rooms  must be  the same  in  area The visitors of  the presidential suite should be  provided with  superior  services  and  the  most  spacious  rooms. The services provided inside the rooms can be as follows: à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Mini bar à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Coffee and tea maker to provide the ease of making it according to their own preference. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Hairdryer à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Iron and an ironing board. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Television  facility  with domestic  channels  and  international channels.   Ãƒ ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢DVD  players  and  a  variety  of  video  tapes à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢High speed internet facility. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Telephone  with speaker  facility. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Refrigerator. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Smoke detector. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Newspapers and magazines. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Convenient and adequate plug points in the room. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Electronic safe and door locks for ensuring the safety of the visitor. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Bathrobes and slippers. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢User friendly bathroom fittings. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Jacuzzi. Restaurant Human aspect of a service sector industry sets it apart from the productionsector.  The  inherent  quality  of  a  product  and  also  its  physical  outlook attracts  the  customers  towards  it.But  when  it  comes  to  service  theapproach is totally different. Through its service, i.e. the quality of service provided, an industry in the service sector, tends to retain as well as create a customer. The service has to be made tangible in this fashion. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢The  entrance  made should wear a majestic look. The warm welcome by the man at the gate should make the guests comfortable and wanted. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢ The overall ambience should be mesmerizing. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢The furniture laid around: The chairs and table should have wooden finish. The tables should be arranged to cater to the customers needs i.e. buffet and sitting arrangement. The buffet should have table  with expensive copper,  steel and  glass cutlery. The  sitting arrangements should be  planned judiciously keeping in  mind the  customers comfort as well as taking care of the economic aspect of spaceutilization.  The  furniture  should be  elegant  and  highly  comfortable.  The chairs should have soft cushions. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢The  most  attractive  and  significant  part  should be  the  attitude  and professionalism of the waiters. They should be in a proper dress code. The ratio of waiters and table should be 2:1, because of which customers can always be at ease and taken care of. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢To satisfy a customer  in service sector especially in restaurants where the service delivered should provide the maximum satisfaction- which itself differs from one individual to another. Gym The physical environment at the gym should include the following: à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Stairs à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Front door: There  should be  a  guard  at  the  entrance  who  checked  the membership cards of each customer. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Smoothie  bar  Area- There  should be  a  bar  area  which should  include drinks such as: energy and fruit drinks besides providing normal water.   Ãƒ ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Membership Card- All the customers should be given membership cards for easy recognition and catching the defaulters. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Appearance of Employee- All the employees should have a dress code which should be similar to the other employees of the Hotel. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Walls- The walls of the gymnasium should be with posters suggesting health  and gymming  tips and motivational phrases. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Lockers- Locker  facility  for all  customers  to  keep their  belongings  safely. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Music à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Equipments-  The  gym should  have  all  equipments  related  to  cardio  and weight training. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Light- The hall should be well illuminated with focused lights. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Appearance of staff- The trainers and the supervisors should be wearing branded sportswear. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Towels- The towels should be very clean and  dirt free. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Hair Dryer- Hair drying facility for customers. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Cleanliness- It should be well maintained to keep the entire area spic and span. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Therapist- There should be a therapist to look after any unexpected injury. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Temperature- The room should be conducive for  comfortable exercising. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Merchandise-If  the  customers  intend  to  purchase  any  similar  health product, the same should be available. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Sauna and steam bath à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Jacuzzi Parking à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Hotel should provide valet parking for its  customers. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Valet parking is a service whereby a valet takes the car from the customer and parks it in the parking lot. The customer is hence spared of the hassles involved in car parking. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢In most five star  hotels the parking lot becomes jammed during peak hours. Car parking by the valet proves beneficial for both customers as well as the hotel officials. On one hand the customer does not need to worry about the parking place; on the other hand the valet has the car at  his own disposal. This means that he  can park the car  wherever he feels it convenient to do so. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢This leads to better service of the customers as they can enjoy the stay at the hotel without caring for maintenance of their vehicle. à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Offering a valet to take care of the car adds luxury to the service à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢This can be further increased by the valet bringing the car up to the main entrance and holding the door opened to allow the customer to get in. Conclusion   Its not always words that impressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.  Truly, physical evidence in hotels and restaurants speak louder than words. It is through these evidences that the  customer  attaches  himself.  A  hotel  is  an  abode  of  customer delight. During this Endeavour we learnt the importance of physical evidence in a service industry like the hotel industry. Physical evidence serves as an entire package for a service industry. It holds the power to tangible the intangibles. In the end we can conclude that the physical evidence of the services provided at Hotel should be highly impressive and efficient. It should make sure that the customer makes repeated visits. For a hotel industry viral marketing is the strongest advertising tool, hence all efforts should be made to make the customer satisfied. s

Existence Of Man :: essays research papers

Existence of Man For centuries man has grappled with the riddle of what it means to be a person. But the questions Who is man? and What is the meaning of life? are still unanswered. Yet, while man is still a long way from arriving at any acceptable definitions, there is deep within everyone the hint of an idea of what it means to be a whole person, that is happy, functioning and fulfilled. So, throughout history man has made a continuous search to find out what makes him whole. Every person is different so the special situation in which one person finds fulfillment can't work for everyone. But in the lives of those who have found fulfillment there is a universal pattern. The universal pattern is that those who have found fulfillment have had a willingness to accept change and take risks. Conversely, those who have not found wholeness are characterized by an unconquerable desire to be safe, to be out of danger and to avoid risk. The first step in the search for identity is to answer the question, How do you see yourself? In the play No Exit by Jean Paul Sartre Estelle loses sight of her identity. She says "When I can't see myself, I begin to wonder if I really and truly exist." What a man sees himself as in the mirror largely determines his actions during the day. Estelle had to look into the "mirror" of men to confirm her identity. A man is the number one determining factor in discovering who he is. Each individual must understand that he is responsible for his own pain, misery, unhappiness, or for his own joy. Man is not a product of what people have done or are now doing to us. Man has the power to become whatever he wants to be; to feel as much love or anger or joy as we want to feel. Another subsequent factor in determining our identity is the image, name, or label given to us by society. In other words, what we believe other people think of us. Most people participate in many groups friends, school, family, jobs, clubs, churches and more each contributing to our identity. We have to accept the death of the superman who is alone needing no one, inner directed and indifferent to his surroundings. We see in Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment that when Raskolnkov separates himself from humanity by committing murder that he could not survive. A person needs to understand that they are responsible for their own choices but they cannot discount the fact that there

Ralph Jack in the Lord of the Flies and Jekyll and Hyde in the novel Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay

‘Lord of the flies’ and ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ both deal with the good and evil sides of man, even though Golding and Stevenson wrote their books in different historical periods. The novels are both dealing in the same theme. The authors use their characters to represent the struggle between good and evil. Golding uses a group of boys to show the divide of good and evil, while Stevenson used the good and evil within one person. As these authors use their characters to represent this struggle. It is important to see how they develop through the novel. Ralph in ‘Lord of the Flies’ is presented as a middle class boy at the beginning of the novel. Golding describes him as ‘the boy with the fair hair’, which is a symbol of a good person. The author describes how Ralph climbs easily through the undergrowth, which is contrasted with the way in which Piggy ‘clambers’ through it. The author has put Ralph and Piggy together because they are different in both mind and body. Together they will both make a whole good person. Ralph is tall, fit, good-looking and fair-haired. Ralph has a good background with his father being in the navy. This suggests that Ralph was brought up in a good way, so he should know the difference between right and wrong. This is a stereotypical good person, but Ralph is not a thinker. Ralph does do some bad things. He betrays Piggys name by telling all the other children what Piggys name was, when Piggy told him not to. Piggy is a short, plump; he wears glasses and is an orphan. Jack Merridew from ‘Lord of the Flies’ is first seen marching with his choir. The choir is described as a dark primitive being. Jack has a red hair, which suggests that he has an uncontrollable anger. He speaks to the choir in a military way. He talks down to them and ignores Simon when he faints. This shows that he has authority over the choir and he is insensitive towards other people’s weaknesses. Altogether I can see that he is hard, unsympathetic, cruel and possible a bully. The first time we see Dr Jekyll in ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ is at a dinner party. He is seen as a cheerful and confident man. He is wealthy and respected chemist. Stevenson describes him as ‘a large, well made, smooth faced man’. When Utterson mentions Mr Hyde he wants it to be a secret between himself an Utterson. He also does not want to talk about it. Stevenson gives Mr Utterson the role of narrator. This is because he wants part of the story to be missing (to allow the audience to be left guessing). Dr Jekyll is described through the eyes of Utterson and this could be bias because Utterson is a friend of Dr Jekyll. Mr Hyde is described for the first time in a story. In this story he collides with, knocks down and tramples a little girl. Hyde’s reaction is described as ‘hellish’. When other people arrive he brings out the worst in them. Even the doctor wants to kill him. When Hyde id threatened by scandal he aggress to pay compensation. He writes a check out at Dr Jekylls house with Jekylls signature. Utterson thinks he his blackmailing Jekyll. In both novels the evil gets and takes the chance to dominate. Jack and Mr Hyde both show their more primitive side. An example of Jacks primitive side is when he hunts for pigs. He is described as ‘dog-like on all fours’ and sniffing the humid earth. This suggests that he is more like a cave man, than a civilised human being. Mr Hyde on the other hand murders Carew. In the chapter ‘search for Mr Hyde’, Utterson describes Mr Hyde as ‘trodlodytic’, ‘Dwarfish’ and ‘hardly human’. This also suggests that Mr Hyde is more like primitive man. Further backing this up, he takes a ‘hissing intake of breath’, which is what a frightened animal would do. Both authors are saying that the primitive side of man will dominate if it has the chance. Darkness, which represents evil, and people are scared at night. Darkness is a big theme in both of the novels. Jack does his hunting in the forest, which is described from the beginning of the novel as a dark place by Golding. When Jack steels Piggys glasses he uses darkness as his cover. Simon gets killed in a frenzied attack, which happens at night. Mr Hyde is mostly seen at night. His home in So-ho is seen through a curtain of ‘swirling fog’. All of this information leads you to think that these people should be associated with darkness and evil. The novels are reflecting events in the authors’ lives. In Golding’s time an example of how evil can flourish without people doing anything is the concentration camps of WWII. Stevenson is writing about the hypocrisy in Victorian England. Many men went to prostitutes and then they promoted family values. Ralph and Dr Jekyll are the respected ‘civilised’ people in the two novels. Ralph is middle classed; you can see this when he talks about his father as ‘daddy’. Ralph is sensible and wants to rule democratically by using the conch and lets everyone have a vote. He has sensible ideas, to stay alive and get rescued, like the fire and shelters. Dr Jekyll is also middle class. He is a respected chemist. The painting, which he gave Mr Hyde, shows that Dr Jekyll is cultured. The ‘pleasurable dinner parties’ he gave showed he was a confident and cheerful. Both of these characters try to take control early in both novels yet they are not successful. Even though both of these characters are ‘civilised’ they are not perfect. Ralph was rude to Piggy and disrespected his wishes. Ralph also took part in the killing of Simon, which shows that even he can be evil. Dr Jekyll also not perfect. He already leads a double life. Hyde grew from Dr Jekyll. Dr Jekyll did things he was ashamed of. He ‘already committed to a profound duplicity of life’. At the end of the novels order if restored and the civilised side of man takes over again. In ‘Lord of the Flies’ order is restored by the arrival of the navy officer. When the navy officer arrives so do rules and order. This is what the navy and more importantly adults’ represent. At the end of the ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ Dr Jekyll has to die for the evil of Mr Hyde to die. Mr Hyde kills himself. I think this was because he gains the knowledge of what he has done. He gains a conscience, which drives him to kill himself. I feel that ‘Lord of the Flies’ is more depressing view of human nature because it deals with children which are meant to be innocent and not capable of killing. It also deals with more than one person, which shows that it could happen to everyone.

Antigone Mock Trial Essay

For you to find the Defendant guilty of the crime of Contempt, you must be convinced that the prosecution has proved one of the following beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) the Defendant misbehaved in the King’s presence or so near thereto as to obstruct the administration of justice; or (2) the Defendant disobeyed or resisted a process, order, rule, decree, or command of the King. For those who don’t remember the play clearly, here is a brief summary: Antigone completes the story of the family of Oedipus the King of Thebes, who kills his father and marries his mother. Following the death of Oedipus, his sons Eteocles and Polyneices are to rule Thebes alternately. Eteocles assumes the throne first, but when Polyneices’ turn comes, Eteocles refuses to yield the throne. Polyneices attacks Thebes, and he and Eteocles die in the battle. Creon assumes the throne and gives Eteocles a hero’s burial, but commands that Polyneices be allowed to rot in the open since he is a traitor to the state. Antigone, Polyneices’ sister, throws a handful of dust on the corpse as a symbolic burial. Creon orders her imprisoned. Under the urging of his son Haemon, who is Antigone’s fiancee, Creon relents, but before he can free Antigone she kills herself. Haemon and Creon’s wife Eurydice also commit suicide. Witness for the Defense (Ismene, Haimon, and Tiresias) Responsibilities You will serve as a defense witness for Antigone throughout the trial. Preparation Before the trial, you will create an affidavit as a witness for the defense (your testimony of what you think happened). This affidavit should be one-page in length and typed neatly. When your affidavit is complete, meet with the Defense Attorneys and discuss your testimony. Give a copy of your affidavit to all attorneys and judges (me) by ____________________. On Trial Make sure you know your character & testimony well enough to be that person in class. After the trial, turn in your final copy of the affidavit with both of your names on it. Post Trial Write an essay explaining the whether you believe the verdict is fair or not based on your interpretation (the interpretation of your character) of what happened in the play and in the mock trial. Essays must be 4 paragraphs in length. Witness for the Prosecution (Sentry, Creon, Choragos) Responsibilities You will serve as a prosecuting witness throughout the trial (Antigone is guilty of the charge). Preparation Before the trial, you and will create an affidavit as a witness for the defense (your testimony of what you think happened). This affidavit should be one-page in length and typed neatly. When your affidavit is complete meet with the Defense Attorneys and discuss your testimony. Give a copy of your affidavit to all attorneys and judges (me) by ___________________. On Trial Make sure you know your character & testimony well enough to be that person in class. After the trial, turn in your final copy of the affidavit with both your names on it. Post Trial Write an essay explaining the whether you believe the verdict is fair or not based on your interpretation (the interpretation of your character) of what happened in the play and in the mock trial. Essays must be 4 paragraphs in length. Antigone Responsibilities Create an affidavit (what you think happened) for your testimony. At the end of your testimony, enter a plea of guilty or not guilty and explain your reasoning. Craft your persona around how Antigone is presented in the text. Strive to imitate her, based on any evidence the text gives about her personality and habits. Preparation Before the trial, you must create your affidavit, which should be one page in length and written or typed neatly. Make a copy of your plea (guilty or not guilty) and your reasoning and submit it to the prosecution (you can just give them your affidavit). Work with the defense attorneys to develop a case in your favor. On Trial At the beginning of the trial, you will stand with the defense attorneys and enter your plea. Make sure you know your character & testimony well enough to be that person in class. Again, use the book as your guide! Post Trial Write an essay explaining the whether you believe the verdict is fair or not based on your interpretation (the interpretation of your character) of what happened in the play and in the mock trial. Essays must be 4 paragraphs in length. Prosecuting and Defense Attorneys Responsibilities Review the affidavits given to you by witnesses and decide how to formulate your questions to best serve your argument. Develop an opening statement, closing statement, and a list of questions to ask each witness to help you win the case. Preparation With your team of attorneys and witnesses, complete a case outline (see attached) to develop your argument using textual evidence from the play. You will question the witnesses during the trial, so work with your attorneys and witnesses to create examination questions to best serve your argument. Your examination should create a witness testimony of approximately 5 minutes. On Trial You will give your opening statement, examine your witnesses using the examination questions you developed with your team of attorneys, and give your closing statement. After the trial, turn in your exanimation questions and your case outline with your name on it. Post Trial Write an essay explaining the whether you believe the verdict is fair or not based on your interpretation (the interpretation of your role in the trial) of what happened in the play and in the mock trial. Essays must be 4 paragraphs in length. Jurors Responsibilities Create a brochure using Microsoft Publisher reporting the crime, including quotes from the text, articles, and pictures. Decide a final verdict of Guilty or Not Guilty Preparation While others are preparing their roles for the trial, you will on your brochure using Microsoft Publisher reporting Antigone’s crime. Be sure to include a name for your brochure, a large & catchy headline, articles, and relevant pictures. On Trial Listen attentively to all testimonies & statements given. Take notes (see attached). You must have these in order to create a final verdict of guilty or not guilty and your explanation. After the trial, meet & vote with your fellow jurors to decide what verdict you will submit to the judge (Guilty or Not Guilty). After the trial, submit your final verdict with trial notes attached.

Essay on Anxiety and Coerce， 使满 Suffice

Essay on Anxiety and Coerceï ¼Å' ä ½ ¿Ã¦ » ¡ Suffice Essay on Anxiety and Coerceï ¼Å' ä ½ ¿Ã¦ » ¡ Suffice * ä ½Å"æâ€"‡æ› ¿Ã¦  ¢Ã¨ ¯  Ã¥ ¾â€"åˆ °Ã¯ ¼Å'ä »ËœÃ¥â€¡ º ä »ËœÃ¥â€¡ º ç »â„¢ Give, offer, endow, endue, present, bestow, provide, supply, furnish Impart, instruct, apprise, teach, instill, inculcate, Proffer, confer, donate, contribute, subscribe, bequeath, Issue, flow out, release, æ” ¯Ã¥â€¡ º Cost, spend, pay, pay out, expend, disburse, Prodigal, profligate, splurge, spendthrift, dissipate frugal, scrimp, skimp, abstemious, Expenditure, subvention, Ã¥ ½â€™Ã¨ ¿Ëœ,Ã¥  ¿439 Return, hand out, restore, reciprocate, remunerate, revert, Compensate, reimburse, indemnify, expiate, atonement, Salary, remuneration, Emolument, honorarium, 分é…  Distribute, allocate, issue, hand out, apportion, allot, dispense, ration, allot, assign,designate; Distribution, dispensation ration, allotment æâ€" ½Ã¥Å    impose, entail, exert, inflict, suppress, subjugate, compress ,repress, coerceï ¼Å' ä ½ ¿Ã¦ » ¡ Suffice, satiate, satisfy, cater, sate, meet requirement, gratify Suffuse, implant, instill, infuse, fill, impregnate, æ” ¾Ã¥ ¼Æ' Relinquish, give up, disclaim, abdicate, abjure, waive, renounce, recant, wean, forsake, abdicate, desert, forswear, renounce, repudiate, forgo, disown, disavow, abandon Renunciation, èŽ ·Ã¥ ¾â€" Ã¥ ¾â€"åˆ ° Get, receive, Accept, attain, acquire, obtain, gain, repossess, retrieve, procure, catch, Earn, profit, embezzle, peculate, defalcate, graft, appropriate, Obtainable, accessible, receptive, Receiver, recipient, procurement Ã¥ ¤ º Deprive, take away, exact, extort, dispossess, bereave, divest, strip, Loot, ravage, ransack, sack, despoil, plunder, rapine, snatch, ,exploit, distill, Confiscate, impound, sequestrate, forfeit, expropriate Exaction, depredation, spoliation, Ã¥  ¸Ã¥ ¼â€¢ Attract, appeal, fascinate, draw, charm, intrigue, enchant, tempt, allure, enchant, enthrall, rivet, fix, spellbind, intoxicate, engross, occupy, captivate, enamor, Attractive, appealing, charming, pleasing, attractiveness, fascination, charisma, personal, magnetism, attraction, fascination, Ã¥Å'…å  «510 | Contain, consist of, comprise, cover, encompass, span, contain, encompass, subsume, consist of, include, involve, embroil, implicate, ; Configuration componentï ¼Å' éÅ"ۏ ¦ , Require, call for, need, demand, necessitate, Necessary, required, requisite, essential, Requisite, prerequisite, requirement, precondition, ä ½ ¿ ä ½ ¿ Cause to be, make, lead to, render, turn into, trigger, activate, cause, è ¦ Ã¦ ±â€šÃ¯ ¼Å'è ¯ ·Ã¦ ±â€šÃ¯ ¼Å' Request, ask, entreat, demand, petition, appeal to Solicit, invoke, plead, implore, beseech, adjure, Dictate, command, mandate, order, instruct, charge, Imperative, essential, compulsory, mandatory, urgent, obligatory, Request, requisition, petition, invocation; ä ¿Æ'ä ½ ¿Ã¯ ¼Å' åŠ Ã¨ ¯ ´Ã¯ ¼Å' Advise, urge, argue, advocate, persuade, sway, influence, Convince, expostulate, exhort, hortative åˆ ºÃ¦ ¿â‚¬Ã¯ ¼Å' æ ¿â‚¬Ã¥ â€˜Ã¯ ¼Å'é ¼â€œÃ¥Å  ± Stimulate, activate, spur, incite, agitate, inspire, arouse, excite, provoke, actuate, incite, foment, stir up, trigger, Kindle, enkindle, ignite encourage, motivate, invigorate, prompt, instigate, Impetuous, impulsive; Drive, motivation, incentive, inducement, impetus æŽ ¨Ã¥Å  ¨Ã¯ ¼Å'é © ±Ã¥Å  ¨Ã¯ ¼Å'è ¿ «Ã¤ ½ ¿ Push, drive, propel, force, oblige, propel, compel goad Ã¥ ¨ Ã©â‚¬ ¼Ã¥Ë† ©Ã¨ ¯ ± æ ¬ ºÃ© ªâ€"ï ¼Å' ä ¼ ªÃ¨ £â€¦ Deceive, dupe, cheat, swindle, hoodwink, Disguise, Duplicity, artifice, chicanery, deception, scheme, subterfuge, duplicity. Ã¥ ¼â€¢Ã¨ ¯ ± Beguile, lure, tempt, allure, entice, tantalize, coax, delude, cozen, beguile,, Guile, deceit, cunning, wile, trickery Wily Ã¥ ¨ Ã¥ â€œ Threaten, menace, intimidate ,hector, frighten, bully, Threatening, menacing, Threat, menace å… Ã¨ ® ¸,æ‰ ¿Ã¨ ® ¤ Allow, let, permit, license Allowance, license, permission, consent, sanction, authorization Ã¥ ¿Æ'ç â€  æÆ' ³Ã¨ ¦  æÅ"ŸæÅ"› Expect, look forward to, wait for, look ahead to, suppose, anticipate, await æ ¬ ²Ã¦Å"ݕ ¼Å'æ ¬ ²Ã¦ ±â€š Wish, want, desire, long, yearn, aspire, crave, hanker, covet: Desirous, eager, avid, greedy, acquisitive, much desired, coveted, ambitious, enterprising; Longing, aspiration, yearning, ambition, avarice, desire for, appetite, desire æ„ Ã¥â€º ¾ Intend, tend to, mean, plan, be inclined to, predispose, resolve, prone to, apt to, disposed

buy custom Feline Behavior Problems essay

buy custom Feline Behavior Problems essay Introduction: According to the Chicago Veterinary Behavior Consultants (2008), there are numerous behavior issues of cats that can interfere with the special bond that exists between animal and human. Cats have been one of the oldest and the most trusted pets after dogs. The adorability, cuddliness and the warmth of cats often relates to infants, as the infants are being loved and cared the most by the pet cats. The main objective of this topic is to describe the common and some uncommon cat behavior issues, the research conducted and its analysis, with the hypothesis of receiving a positive response to appropriately train and tame the cat behavior problems. The research comprises of five to six scenarios which will initiate the problem, describing its practical evidence and provide proper remedies to overcome those issues. The entire research material is taken from the journal articles of the famous veterinary resources such as American Veterinary Society of Animal Behavior (2008), Pet Education by Foster Smith (1997-2011), some insights by DVM, Wayne Hunthausen (n.d.) of the Westwood Hospital, Cats International (2007), and the Chicago Veterinary Behavior Consultants (2008), and Fanciers (1991) as already mentioned before. The reason behind choosing this topic is to spread awareness amongst the pet owners, SPCA society, animal beaters and kids who have pet cats with behavioral issues, and working on this topic might give the pet owners some insights which not only will improve the pet/owner relationship, as well will create a healthy and happy lifestyle for the suffering cats. The society needs to beware of the dangers of neglecting or ignoring the cat behavior issues as it could be very destructive for the entire family, especially for the kids in the family who become attached to the cuddly queen of her territory. Therefore, certain methods are being presented to teach people and family on disciplining and taming the strays and untamed cats. Overview of Cat Behavior Problems: Cindy Tittle Moore (1991-1997) has covered the cat behavior issues in a sophisticated and precise manner. The basic principle that lies with any animal as Cindy (1991-1997) stated that no animal should be beaten or abused as it will never teach the poor animal the correct ways of life, and can only lead to timidity and fear for you. Some of the tactics that has been described by Cindy Tittle Moore (1991-1997) have been applied in real life in order to see the difference of theory and practice. Training an untrained cat could be a hassle, but with proper understanding and following the methods described in the research, pet owners might be able to restore the pleasant and adorable cat behavior. Here are listed some of the common behavior problems in outdoor as well as indoor cats. Aggression (Play aggression, fear aggression, redirected aggression, petting-induced aggression) DVM Wayne Hunthausen (n.d.) Cat Spraying (Foster Smith, 1997-2011). Fear/Anxiety (Foster Smith, 1997-2011) Change in Activity Patters (Foster Smith, 1997-2011) Scratching and Declawing (Cats International, 2007) Litter box problems (Cindy Tittle Moore, 1991-1997) Psychological stress (Cindy Tittle Moore, 1991-1997) Escaping (Cindy Tittle Moore, 1991-1997) Tree and Curtain Climbing(Cindy Tittle Moore, 1991-1997) Biting and Chewing(Cindy Tittle Moore, 1991-1997) Noise cats make when mating(Cindy Tittle Moore, 1991-197) Description of the Cat Behavior Issues: Aggression: Redirected aggression is the most common of all the four kinds of aggressions. The Chicago Veterinary Behavior Consultants (2008) states that this is the aggression by a cat towards another person or another cat as a result of the inability of the attacker to get at another object of their aggression; An example would be a cat at the patio window watching a stray cat. Eventually, the patio cat would like to be possessive and get aggressive towards the stray cat and might hiss or purr in a menacing tone to scare the stray cat away. Play aggression is merely the normal activity that occurs with kittens, like hissing, spitting and pouncing at each other, and their posture is different than real fighting as stated by the Chicago Veterinary Behavior Consultants (2008) and is also called interact aggression. The fear-based aggression is the presence of strangers in a room, and the reality is that cats do show fear, and due to this trait, their eyes get dilated, tucked tail, hair gets flared up and signs of resentment are being observed as being researched by Chicago Veterinary Behavior Consultants (2008). Cat Spraying: Drs. Foster and Smith (1997-2011) mentions that an inappropriate elimination is the most common behavior issue for older cats, and there are various causes for this behavior, many of them medical; medical conditions which may result in an increased frequency of urination may be the mere cause for this problem, which include: colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, kidney or liver disease, and feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD). Fear /Anxiety: This factor is determined by the increased risk of losing vision; hearing, having pain and neurologic disease which can trigger fear or anxiety in cats; therapies and proper medication should be provided to the designated cat (Dr. Foster Smith, 1997-2011). Change in Activity Patterns: Studies show that some cats tend to be active at night, despite the routine change, and keep wondering in search of food or insects at home. Practically, this habit is observed in older cats as Foster and Smith (1997-2011) describes it. The best solution for this is to engage the kitty in playing or grooming before the bedtime, in order to overcome the loss of sleep and turning the sleep routine around. Scratching and Declawing Scratching is the way of filing the growing nails for the kitties. Cats International (2007) has found most feline behaviorist gone blank when inquired about cat training in saving the couch. Here, if people think about declawing, it would be one of the most inhumane act done to the speechless pets and most people discourage it. The solution does not lie performing this inhumane act, but to train the kitties, with trimming the nails with a scratch post. Cindy Tittle Moore (1991-1997) also states that for an unwanted scratching, provide a scratch post and issue firm no!s on other items, and might want to spray some bitter orange spray in order to resent their behavior. Litter Box Problems: The issues with the litter box might be unhygienic litter boxes, uneasy access to litter box, using a different litter box, noise within the area, or an unwanted chemical used to wash the litter box are some concerns mentioned by Cindy Tittle Moore (1991-1997). Psychological Stress: Cats are posseessive in nature and they might like or dislike the arrival of new pets, new baby or just someone new in the house. As stated by Cindy Tittle Moore(1991-1997), the stress aroused by this can also trigger improper urination . Escaping : Most cats will try to adopt this technique as an easy getaway from training. Cindy Tittle Moore (1991-1997) states a remedy for this is to discourage running to the door is never to let the cat succeed, by always being the first one to block or enter the door. Tree and Curtain Climbing Cats are natural tree climbers as they tend to do that more often since childhood. This is the last thing any pet owner would like to experience and call the fire department to rescue the cat. For the drapes, the cat might fall over it with the rod and might injure herself, thus try to prevent the cat by unhooking the drapes just in case someone not home as Cindy Tittle Moore (1991-1997) advises. Biting and Chewing Biting is a common issue with cats as they play and this make it a habit. It might get very painful for the person interacting with cat in order to show his/her love and friendliness. Try to make a hurt cat sound as to discourage cats, turn around and wait for a few seconds, as a remedy stated by Cindy Tittle Moore(1991-1997). This will train the cat to be gentle and care for people in future play. Noise Cats make when mating Cindy Tittle Moore(1991-1997) has noticed that mating cats make an unbelievable amount of noise. If the cats are strayed, check with a veterinary clinic, and try to get them neutered. But if they belong to someone, let the cat owner beware of this. Methodology: The assessment of the feline behavior problems have been described as a tool in determining the respective solutions for it. The methodology used here is to address each of the issues mentioned above, and analyze their situation and coming up with an appropriate solution for it. Aggression was the first challenging situation in which was redirected, play and fear. Imagine a scenario observed by the American Veterinary Society of Animal Behavior (2008) in which two older cats, having gotten along quite well for many years, were now fighting, and the womans husband was not willing to keep the cats separated any longer, as it was too inconvenient. Since in this care, the owners wanted an immediate assessment of the problems and to know if something could be done to resolve this issue, which involved high risk of injury to people, the researchers told the pet owners that if they were to keep their pets, they must be willing and able to manage the environment so that risks were minimized. AVSAB(2008) came up with a solution to keep the aggressing pets and their targets separated and the pets should be introduced some behavior modification exercises like training, talking, and teaching signs. The second issue was the cat spraying. Stress can play a major role in an inappropriate elimination in cats of all ages, such as moving, changes in routine etc, loud noise and aggressive behavior of kids (Drs. Foster Smith, 1997-2011).Reducing the stressors can help cats grow out of the trouble, such as placing the cat in a quiet place when guests arrive, and placing her food and water at the same spot will make her feel relaxed in the midst of loud noise. This is the best remedy for the cat spraying problem. Fearful and anxious cats need to be tamed and trained with love. Cindy Tittle Moore (1991-1997) has come up with a solution of training your cat to perform alternate behavior with the inappropriate behavior. Buy custom Feline Behavior Problems essay

Essays on the Intranet

Essays on the Intranet Essays on the Intranet Essays on the Intranet Intranet is a private computer network used by a limited number of people who have access to it. The perfect example of intranet is a school computer system. Intranet is a system based on the Internet technologies but the sharing of information is more protected due to the limited number of users and the specifics of the operational systems. If you are writing essays on the intranet, this article is useful for you. Essays on the Intranet Facts In this section you will find some basic facts about the intranet to be including in the introductory or background section of your paper. Intranet is built upon the same technologies as the Internet (client-server computing) Intranet is the private or restricted version of the internet confined to the specific institution, organization, or a group of people Intranet appeared in early 1990s in universities Intranet has restricted access even though it may also be accessible for any approved party Intranet does not necessary has access to the Internet Intranet is believed to foster collaboration and used as a corporate platform in all major corporations Topics Ideas for Essays on Intranet If you are not sure how to start writing an essay on intranet, read the following topics ideas. In addition, you may review the list of good essay topics and topics for a research paper on our blog. What are the benefits of Intranet for companies? What is the function of Intranet at university or college? What is more secure: Intranet or Internet? Does intranet contribute to more timely decisions? Is Intranet a powerful tool for communication? What is the history of Intranet emergence? What are the differences and similarities of the Intranet and the Internet? Essays on the Intranet Custom Writing Not every personal is able to become a gifted surgeon and not every student is able to write award-winning essays. We understand that many students are struggling with essay writing and offer an effective and reliable solution - custom paper writing. Our services are not offered to do your homework instead of your but rather to help you with the research and writing. As our client, you receive custom written essay on the Intranet created from scratch in full accordance to the instruction. We reference all sources in the format you specify and provide you with free outline and bibliography list. We do not copy/paste and we guarantee originality of every single sentence in written essay. You may check more free tips on essay writing, research paper, term paper, coursework, and problem and solution essay writing:http://.com/blog/problem-and-solution-essay Read also: Dissertation Proposal Dissertation Help APA Thesis Writers of Term Papers Term Schools Papers about Gospel Music

Society-Law & Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Society-Law & Government - Essay Example The adult parole population grew 1.1%, rising to a total of 732,351 by December 31, 2001.† Glaze also added that since 1995, there had been a steady growth in correctional population. From 1.3 percent annual growth, it had increased to 3.7 percent per annum on jails, 3.6 percent per annum on prisons, and 3.4 percent per annum on probation (Glaze, 2001). With the continued financial difficulty brought about by the global economic crisis, it is no wonder that more and more people are committing felony. For some, drugs could have been a way of escape since 25 percent or a quarter of all probationers were convicted of a drug law violation. Others, alcohol had been a way of escape since 18 percent of all probationers were arrested for driving intoxicated or under the influence of alcohol (Glaze, 2001). I would definitely agree with the statistics given the fact that the general American public is very stressed out with ways of coping with financial difficulty that almost everyone is experiencing right now. Social stratification refers to the various strata of social groups that make up the community. Social groupings based on gender, ethnicity, power, economic affluence, are just a few means to which people are grouped together. For instance, in our current society, people are more often associated with upper, middle, or lower classes. By studying the concepts of social stratification, one would be able to identify how each social group relates to one another and how their presence affects the community as a whole. By doing so, it hopes to be able to find the root causes of inequality and its impact on the overall aspects of the social life (Saunders, 1990). In terms of the delivery and quality of legal services in the United States, I believe that economic inequality and ethnicity are two driving social forces that impact its efficacy.

Communication in Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Communication in Organizations - Essay Example It is an established company with a wide scope that involves extensive communication within the organization and with other stakeholders. Its administration is as a result characterised by a number of management meetings for ‘decision-making’. The company’s organizational structure consists of a board of directors at the top with seven directors, a chairperson, a general manager, and line managers. Decisions are made through deliberations in meetings and resolutions passed to line managers for implementation. Communication refers to a process in which a party sends a message to another who receives the message, comprehends it, and submit a feedback to the sender. In any organizational set up, effective communication leads to successful pursuit of objectives while poor approaches to communication undermines objectives and may lead to negative impacts. Kelly however argues that people can achieve effective communication through â€Å"vigilance, perseverance, and by using their power to change course† and laid down structures (2011, p. 199). This means that success in a communication process depend on the parties capacity as well as skills towards effective communication (Kelly, pp. 199, 200). ... Effective communication also means clarity in message content as well as accuracy in targeting the recipient. The subject of communication should not be vague and should directly target the intended recipient. Similarly, effective listening skills facilitate a successful communication process through enhancing the recipient understanding of the communicated piece of information. Attitudes, as developed by either the sender or the recipient, also affect effectiveness of a communication process (Auer and Blumberg, p. 113). Theories into communication have also been used to explain the communication process. Trait theory for instance explains that people have different characteristics that define their personality and behaviour. Such traits determine a person’s ability to demonstrate the essential elements of effective communication. A person’s characteristics will for example defines the applied level of attentiveness to the communication process as well as attitude towar ds the communication process. Negative traits therefore undermine effectiveness of a communication process (Littlejohn and Foss, 2007, p. 66- 68). Consistency theories, another communication theory, explain the essence of consistency among parties to a communication process. Such consistencies are necessary with respect to the parties’ attitudes, the parties’ behaviour as well as between behaviour and attitude. The fundamental principle is that while consistency creates a favourable environment for effective communication, its absence initiates change in attitudes that may adversely affect a communication (Littlejohn and Foss, 2007, p. 78). Similarly, the theory of identity suggests that a person’s identity affects his or her

MKT DB2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MKT DB2 - Essay Example This category is aligned with my interest since I am a very family oriented person that values intimacy, consensus, and stability over risk. The VALS analysis can help companies determine how consumers will react to different marketing and advertising campaigns. For instance achievers like prestige products. Auto companies that manufacture luxury cars such as BMW should target achievers as part of their marketing campaign. Achievers are also hard workers that are very attached to their work. Due to their rush lifestyle achievers are the type of people that like products and services that save them time. An example of a service that achievers will use more often than other types is the self-service window at fast food restaurants. In their work setting achievers seek recognition. The use of recognition at work serves as a basis to reward employees’ efforts (About, 2012). Overall the use of the VALS system can serve as a great tool for marketers to learn more about the desires of people which can be very beneficial in the product design process. About.com (2012). Employee Motivation, Morale, Recognition, Rewards, Retention. Retrieved August 27, 2012 from

Media portrayal of plus size women causes young men to believe that Essay

Media portrayal of plus size women causes young men to believe that overweight women are lazy, unattractive, and ignorant - Essay Example I immediately drop the magazine and start doing sit-ups. Can you blame me?† (Maine 90) This woman is not alone. These images do more damage then many people understand. Women who wear large sizes are judged based on their body, not on other attributes. It does not matter how smart, or how funny they are, what kind of person they are, or even how beautiful their face is. What counts is their size, and they will constantly be judged by that. Often the most painful judgment comes from men; they scorn, they catcall, and they chose to ignore women who do not meet the beauty standard. It is through the media, men learn that women must meet the ideal, or they are not valuable. By looking critically at two media forums, television, and magazines, it is clear that the impact media has on men’s understanding of female beauty and value is directly linked to the false image media has imposed upon society. On of the best loved shows on television has had one of the strongest impacts on men’s understanding of beauty. For ten seasons Friends was adored by fans, and still today is on television everyday. Yet time and again comments were made about weight, and even at nine months pregnant Rachel was not allowed to look over a size eight! One of the most shocking moments comes when they do a clip back in history, and the viewer is taken to watch a scene between Ross, Monica and Chandler. When Chandler first meets Monica, Ross introduces her as â€Å"his little sister.† Chandler, noticing her weight comments, â€Å"yeah, okay.† Later, at a different meeting, when Monica has lost weight, he then finds her incredibly attractive. Although she is the same person, what matters is her outside, not her inside. Another show, discontinued in 1997, was Married†¦with Children. About families, the main character, Al Bundy, works as a shoe salesman, and has particularly negative views of large women. There are constant, negative quotes from the show,

Judgement in Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Judgement in Accounting - Essay Example Secondly, accounting follows a framework popularly known as â€Å"The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting†. In addition, the overall accounting structure and basic formation of reporting, assists in conceptualizing accounting better. The knowledge of accounting principles, procedures, and rules is valuable to business and its eventual success in any given financial period. Financial records are made numerically and any accounting analysis on them should be numerical (Anthony, 1993). The â€Å"International Public Sectors Accounting Standards Board† sets standards and Recommended Practice Guidelines in accounting. They are used by government agencies in the national, regional, and local governments. According to this board, the Conceptual Framework for Financial Accounting is mainly used for preparation and presentation of general purpose financial reports (Needles & Powers, 2012). The Conceptual Framework also extends its authority to public sectors social secu rity funds, trusts, statutory authorities, as well as, international governmental organizations. However, the general purpose financial reporting has the main objective of providing financial information about a business that comes in handy when looking for current investors; reports to creditors when requesting for loans; and decision making regarding purchases, sales, equity holding and debts in line with the profits or returns. There are two types of financial reports. They include general Purpose Financial Reports and Special purpose Financial Reports. General Purpose Financial reporting refers to a central component of enhancement and support, of the financial reports by public sector entities. The intentions of these reports is to satisfy the information requirements, for users who may be in a position that lacks enabling factors for preparation of financial reports that are tailor-made, to meet their information needs. They also contain a number of reports each of which gives a response that is within the scope of financial reporting, with respect to the objectives of financial reporting. However, the scope of financial reporting also includes guidelines on how other various events and activities can be reported in the financial report. On the other hand, Special Purpose Financial Reports (SPFRs) are financial reports whose sole purpose is to respond to specifications for users that bear authority, to make such requirements and for a specific purpose (Piper, 2013). There are characteristics that guide the qualitative nature of important financial information. These characteristics include comparability, timeliness, verifiability and comprehensibility. However, the basic qualitative characteristics include relevance and faithful representation. For financial information to display relevance, it should influence the decision made by the user (Balakrishnan & sprinkle, 2008). Failure to consider the importance of the relevance of the information will create a niche, even after the decision is made. However, the financial information must display a predictive value and a confirmatory value to attain relevance. Moreover, the confirmatory value should either confirm or differ with the evaluations that were previously made. On the other hand, financial information that exhibits a predictive value must also exhibit a confirmatory value because these two values are interrelated. For instance, a company’s financial report can be used to project future earnings for the company (Gupta, 2009). However, it should also be verified that the method of prediction

Reviewing of articles Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reviewing of articles - Literature review Example Adoption of new or modified accounting control can have meaningful changes on organizational strategies and the general perception of organizational purpose (Ahrens, T. & Mollona, M. 2007, 306). Addressing the cultural dimension of organizational control technologies is key just like the practices that engage technologies. The study of control as a cultural practice lies in exploring relationships between the diverse aspects of organizing. This includes work processes and their technologies, organizational members’ values, beliefs and social relationships. The cultural analysis aims at clarifying the sources of ambitions of the organizational members and how they are shared in competition with each other. It also evaluate their contributions in making the practices unfit or subjective to technical discussions and struggles over organizational purpose (Ahrens, T. & Mollona, M. 2007, 312). Comparative account of organizational subcultures, based on detailed observations of activities and how they consist of specific practices helps to shed more light. It involves the adoption of anthropological approaches to the study of organizational control. This entails the study of how management strategies and production strategies affect the control practices of different organizational subcultures. It also digs deep into determining how the social relations between organizational members and their social backgrounds can give rise to different cultural practices of control. Adoption of the anthropological method in the study of culture is a useful tool for producing longitudinal observations of everyday operations through which the study of accounting and control is studied. This mode of studying the everyday functioning of accounting is a key tool in providing detailed insights into the ways in which accounting makes possible and becomes part of specific forms of organization.

Judgement in Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Judgement in Accounting - Essay Example Secondly, accounting follows a framework popularly known as â€Å"The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting†. In addition, the overall accounting structure and basic formation of reporting, assists in conceptualizing accounting better. The knowledge of accounting principles, procedures, and rules is valuable to business and its eventual success in any given financial period. Financial records are made numerically and any accounting analysis on them should be numerical (Anthony, 1993). The â€Å"International Public Sectors Accounting Standards Board† sets standards and Recommended Practice Guidelines in accounting. They are used by government agencies in the national, regional, and local governments. According to this board, the Conceptual Framework for Financial Accounting is mainly used for preparation and presentation of general purpose financial reports (Needles & Powers, 2012). The Conceptual Framework also extends its authority to public sectors social secu rity funds, trusts, statutory authorities, as well as, international governmental organizations. However, the general purpose financial reporting has the main objective of providing financial information about a business that comes in handy when looking for current investors; reports to creditors when requesting for loans; and decision making regarding purchases, sales, equity holding and debts in line with the profits or returns. There are two types of financial reports. They include general Purpose Financial Reports and Special purpose Financial Reports. General Purpose Financial reporting refers to a central component of enhancement and support, of the financial reports by public sector entities. The intentions of these reports is to satisfy the information requirements, for users who may be in a position that lacks enabling factors for preparation of financial reports that are tailor-made, to meet their information needs. They also contain a number of reports each of which gives a response that is within the scope of financial reporting, with respect to the objectives of financial reporting. However, the scope of financial reporting also includes guidelines on how other various events and activities can be reported in the financial report. On the other hand, Special Purpose Financial Reports (SPFRs) are financial reports whose sole purpose is to respond to specifications for users that bear authority, to make such requirements and for a specific purpose (Piper, 2013). There are characteristics that guide the qualitative nature of important financial information. These characteristics include comparability, timeliness, verifiability and comprehensibility. However, the basic qualitative characteristics include relevance and faithful representation. For financial information to display relevance, it should influence the decision made by the user (Balakrishnan & sprinkle, 2008). Failure to consider the importance of the relevance of the information will create a niche, even after the decision is made. However, the financial information must display a predictive value and a confirmatory value to attain relevance. Moreover, the confirmatory value should either confirm or differ with the evaluations that were previously made. On the other hand, financial information that exhibits a predictive value must also exhibit a confirmatory value because these two values are interrelated. For instance, a company’s financial report can be used to project future earnings for the company (Gupta, 2009). However, it should also be verified that the method of prediction

Sales and inventory documentation Essay Example for Free

Sales and inventory documentation Essay Why Inventory Control? Control of inventory, which typically represents 45% to 90% of all expenses for business, is needed to ensure that the business has the right goods on hand to avoid stock-outs, to prevent shrinkage (spoilage/theft), and to provide proper accounting. Many businesses have too much of their limited resource, capital, tied up in their major asset, inventory. Worse, they may have their capital tied up in the wrong kind of inventory. Inventory may be old, worn out, shopworn, obsolete, or the wrong sizes or colors, or there may be an imbalance among different product lines that reduces the customer appeal of the total operation. Inventory control systems range from eyeball systems to reserve stock systems to perpetual computer-run systems. Valuation of inventory is normally stated at original cost, market value, or current replacement costs, whichever is lowest. This practice is used because it minimizes the possibility of overstating assets. Inventory valuation and appropriate accounting practices are worth a book alone and so are not dealt with here in depth. The ideal inventory and proper merchandise turnover will vary from one market to another. Average industry figures serve as a guide for comparison. Too large an inventory may not be justified because the turnover does not warrant investment. On the other hand, because products are not available to meet demand, too small an inventory may minimize sales and profits as customers go somewhere else to buy what they want where it is immediately available. Minimum inventories based on reordering time need to become important aspects of buying activity. Carrying costs, material purchases, and storage costs are all expensive. However, stockouts are expensive also. All of those costs can be minimized by efficient inventory policies. Inventory Control Inventory control involves the procurement, care and disposition of materials. There are three kinds of inventory that are of concern to managers: †¢ †¢ Raw materials, In-process or semi-finished goods, †¢ Finished goods. If a manager effectively controls these three types of inventory, capital can be released that may be tied up in unnecessary inventory, production control can be improved and can protect against obsolescence, deterioration and/or theft, Handout 06/02 – Inventory Control Page 1 of 8 The reasons for inventory control are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Helps balance the stock as to value, size, color, style, and price line in proportion to demand or sales trends. Help plan the winners as well as move slow sellers Helps secure the best rate of stock turnover for each item. Helps reduce expenses and markdowns. Helps maintain a business reputation for always having new, fresh merchandise in wanted sizes and colors. Three major approaches can be used for inventory control in any type and size of operation. The actual system selected will depend upon the type of operation, the amount of goods. The Eyeball System This is the standard inventory control system for the vast majority of small retail and many small manufacturing operations and is very simple in application. The key manager stands in the middle of the store or manufacturing area and looks around. If he or she happens to notice that some items are out of stock, they are reordered. In retailing, the difficulty with the eyeball system is that a particularly good item may be out of stock for sometime before anyone notices. Throughout the time it is out of stock, sales are being lost on it. Similarly, in a small manufacturing operation, low stocks of some particularly critical item may not be noticed until there are none left. Then production suffers until the supply of that part can be replenished. Such unsystematic but simple retailers and manufacturers to their inherent disadvantage. Reserve Stock (or Brown Bag) System This approach is much more systematic than the eyeball system. It involves keeping a reserve stock of items aside, often literally in a brown bag placed at the rear of the stock bin or storage area. When the last unit of open inventory is used, the brown bag of reserve stock is opened and the new supplies it contains are placed in the bin as open stock. At this time, a reorder is immediately placed. If the reserve stock quantity has been calculated properly, the new shipment should arrive just as the last of the reserve stock is being used. In order to calculate the proper reserve stock quantity, it is necessary to know the rate of product usage and the order cycle delivery time. Thus, if the rate of product units sold is 100 units per week and the order cycle delivery time is two weeks, the appropriate reserve stock would consist of 200 units (I00u x 2w). This is fine as long as the two-week cycle holds. If the order cycle is extended, the reserve stock quantities must be increased. When the new order arrives, the reserve stock amount is packaged again and placed at the rear of the storage area. This is a very simple system to operate and one that is highly effective for virtually any type of organization. The variations on the reserve stock system merely involve the management of the reserve stock itself. Larger  items may remain in inventory but be cordoned off in some way to indicate that it is the reserve stock and should trigger a reorder. Handout 06/02 – Inventory Control Page 2 of 8 Perpetual Inventory Systems Various types of perpetual inventory systems include manual, card-oriented, and computer- operated systems. In computer-operated systems, a programmed instruction referred to commonly as a trigger, automatically transmits an order to the appropriate vendor once supplies fall below a prescribed level. The purpose of each of the three types of perpetual inventory approaches is to tally either the unit use or the dollar use (or both) of different items and product lines. This information will serve to help avoid stock-outs and to maintain a constant evaluation of the sales of different product lines to see where the emphasis should be placed for both selling and buying. Stock Control A stock control system should keep you aware of the quantity of each kind of merchandise on hand. An effective system will provide you with a guide for what, when, and how much to buy of each style, color, size, price and brand. It will reduce the number of lost sales resulting from being out of stock of merchandise in popular demand. The system will also locate slow selling articles and help indicate changes in customer preferences. The size of your establishment and the number of people employed are determining factors in devising an effective stock control plan. Can you keep control by observation? Should you use on-hand/onorder/sold records? Detachable ticket stubs? Checklists? And/or physical inventory? If so, how often? With the observation method (the eyeball system), unless the people using it have an unusually sharp sense of quantity and sales patterns, it is difficult to keep a satisfactory check on merchandise depletion. It means that you record shortages of goods or reorders as the need for them occurs to you. Without a better checking system, orders may only be placed at the  time of the salesmans regular visit, regardless of when they are actually needed. Although it may be the simplest system, it also can often result in lost sales or production delays. Detachable stubs or tickets placed on merchandise provide a good means of control. The stubs, containing information identifying the articles, are removed at the time the items are sold. The accumulated stubs are then posted regularly to the perpetual inventory system by hand or through the use of an optical scanner. A checklist, often provided by wholesalers, is another counting tool. The checklist provides space to record the items carried, the selling price, cost price, and minimum quantities to be ordered of each. It also contains a column in which to note whether the stock on hand is sufficient and when to reorder. This is another very simple device that provides the level of information required to make knowledgeable decisions about effective inventory management. Most smaller operations today, except for the very smallest, are using some form of a perpetual online system to record the movement of inventories into and out of their facilities. In a retail operation, the clerk at the register merely scans the ticket with a reader, and the system shows the current price and removes the item from the inventory control system. A similar process occurs in a manufacturing operation, except that the sale is actually a transfer of the inventory from control to production. This is a particularly critical system in a large operation such as a grocery store where they regularly maintain 12,000 plus items. Often a vendor will provide on-site or computerized assistance needed to help their smaller customers maintain a good understanding of their own inventory levels and so keep them in balance Handout 06/02 – Inventory Control Page 3 of 8 Inventory Control Records Inventory control records are essential to making buy-and-sell decisions. Some companies control their stock by taking physical inventories at regular intervals, monthly or quarterly. Others use a dollar inventory record that  gives a rough idea of what the inventory may be from day to day in terms of dollars. If your stock is made up of thousands of items, as it is for a convenience type store, dollar control may be more practical than physical control. However, even with this method, an inventory count must be taken periodically to verify the levels of inventory by item. Perpetual inventory control records are most practical for big-ticket items. With such items it is quite suitable to hand count the starting inventory, maintain a card for each item or group of items, and reduce the item count each time a unit is sold or transferred out of inventory. Periodic physical counts are taken to verify the accuracy of the inventory card. Out-of-stock sheets, sometimes called want sheets, notify the buyer that it is time to reorder an item. Experience with the rate of turnover of an item will help indicate the level of inventory at which the unit should be reordered to make sure that the new merchandise arrives before the stock is totally exhausted. Open-to-buy records help to prevent ordering more than is needed to meet demand or to stay within a budget. These records adjust your order rate to the sales rate. They provide a running account of the dollar amount that may be bought without departing significantly from the pre- established inventory levels. An open-to-buy record is related to the inventory budget. It is the difference between what has been budgeted and what has been spent. Each time a sale is made, open-to-buy is increased (inventory is reduced). Each time merchandise is purchased; open-to-buy is reduced (inventory is increased). The net effect is to help maintain a balance among product lies within the business, and to keep the business from getting overloaded in one particular area. Purchase order files keep track of what has been ordered and the status or expected receipt date of materials. It is convenient to maintain these files by using a copy of each purchase order that is written. Notations can be added or merchandise needs updated directly on the copy of the purchase order with respect to changes in price or delivery dates. Supplier files are valuable references on suppliers and can be very helpful in negotiating  price, delivery and terms. Extra copies of purchase orders can be used to create these files, organized alphabetically by supplier, and can provide a fast way to determine how much business is done with each vendor. Purchase order copies also serve to document ordering habits and procedures and so may be used to help reveal and/or resolve future potential problems. Returned goods files provide a continuous record of merchandise that has been returned to suppliers. They should indicate amounts, dates and reasons for the returns. This information is useful in controlling debits, credits and quality Issues. Price books, maintained in alphabetical order according to supplier, provide a record of purchase prices, selling prices, markdowns, and markups. It is important to keep this record completely up to date in order to be able to access the latest price and profit information on materials purchased for resale. Handout 06/02 – Inventory Control Page 4 of 8 Controlling Inventory Controlling inventory does not have to be an onerous or complex proposition. It is a process and thoughtful inventory management. There are no hard and fast rules to abide by, but some extremely useful guidelines to help your thinking about the subject. A five step process has been designed that will help any business bring this potential problem under control to think systematically thorough the process and allow the business to make the most efficient use possible of the resources represented. The final decisions, of course, must be the result of good judgment, and not the product of a mechanical set of formulas. STEP 1: Inventory Planning Inventory control requires inventory planning. Inventory refers to more than the goods on hand in the retail operation, service business, or manufacturing facility. It also represents goods that must be in transit for  arrival after the goods in the store or plant are sold or used. An ideal inventory control system would arrange for the arrival of new goods at the same moment the last item has been sold or used. The economic order quantity, or base orders, depends upon the amount of cash (or credit) available to invest in inventories, the number of units that qualify for a quantity discount from the manufacturer, and the amount of time goods spend in shipment. STEP 2: Establish order cycles If demand can be predicted for the product or if demand can be measured on a regular basis, regular ordering quantities can be setup that take into consideration the most economic relationships among the costs of preparing an order, the aggregate shipping costs, and the economic order cost. When demand is regular, it is possible to program regular ordering levels so that stock-outs will be avoided and costs will be minimized. If it is known that every so many weeks or months a certain quantity of goods will be sold at a steady pace, then replacements should be scheduled to arrive with equal regularity. Time should be spent developing a system tailored to the needs of each business. It is useful to focus on items whose costs justify such control, recognizing that in some cases control efforts may cost more the items worth. At the same time, it is also necessary to include low return items that are critical to the overall sales effort. If the business experiences seasonal cycles, it is important to recognize the demands that will be placed on suppliers as well as other sellers.  A given firm must recognize that if it begins to run out of product in the middle of a busy season, other sellers are also beginning to run out and are looking for more goods. The problem is compounded in that the producer may have already switched over to next season’s production and so is not interested in (or probably even capable of) filling any further orders for the current selling season. Production resources are likely to already be allocated to filling orders for the next selling season. Changes in this momentum would be extremely costly for both the supplier and the customer. On the other hand, because suppliers have problems with inventory control, just as sellers do, they may be interested in making deals to induce customers to purchase inventories offseason, usually at substantial savings. They want to shift the carrying costs of purchase and storage from the seller to the buyer. Thus, there are seasonal implications to inventory control as Handout 06/02 – Inventory Control Page 5 of 8 well, both positive and negative. The point is that these seasonable implications must be built into the planning process in order to support an effective inventory management system. STEP 3: Balance Inventory Levels Efficient or inefficient management of merchandise inventory by a firm is a major factor between healthy profits and operating at a loss. There are both market-related and budget-related issues that must be dealt with in terms of coming up with an ideal inventory balance: †¢ †¢ †¢ Is the inventory correct for the market being served? Does the inventory have the proper turnover? What is the ideal inventory for a typical retailer or wholesaler in this business? To answer the last question first, the ideal inventory is the inventory that does not lose profitable sales and can still justify the investment in each part of its whole. An inventory that is not compatible with the firm’s market will lose profitable sales. Customers who cannot find the items they desire in one store or from one supplier are forced to go to a competitor. Customer will be especially irritated if the item out of stock is one they would normally expect to find from such a supplier. Repeated experiences of this type will motivate customers to become regular customers of competitors. STEP 4: Review Stocks Items sitting on the shelf as obsolete inventory are simply dead capital. Keeping inventory up to date and devoid of obsolete merchandise is another critical aspect of good inventory control. This is particularly important with style merchandise, but it is important with any merchandise that is turning at a lower rate than the average stock turns for that particular business. One of the important principles newer sellers frequently find difficult is the need to mark down merchandise that is not moving well. Markups are usually highest when a new style first comes out. As the style fades, efficient sellers gradually begin to mark it down to avoid being stuck with large inventories, thus keeping inventory capital working. They will begin to mark down their inventory, take less gross margin, and return the funds to working capital rather than have their investment stand on the shelves as obsolete merchandise. Markdowns are an important part of the working capital cycle. Even though the margins on markdown sales are lower, turning these items into cash allows you to purchase other, more current goods, where you can make the margin you desire. Keeping an inventory fresh and up to date requires constant attention by any organization, large or small. Style merchandise should be disposed of before the style fades. Fad merchandise must have its inventory levels kept in line with the passing fancy. Obsolete merchandise usually must be sold at less than normal markup or even as loss leaders where it is priced more competitively. Loss leader pricing strategies can also serve to attract more consumer traffic for the business thus creating opportunities to sell other merchandise as well as well as the obsolete items. Technologically obsolete merchandise should normally be removed from inventory at any cost. Handout 06/02 – Inventory Control Page 6 of 8 Stock turnover is really the way businesses make money. It is not so much  the profit per unit of sale that makes money for the business, but sales on a regular basis over time that eventually results in profitability. The stock turnover rate is the rate at which the average inventory is replaced or turned over, throughout a pre-defined standard operating period, typically one year. It is generally seen as the multiple that sales represent of the average inventory for a given period of time. Turnover averages are available for virtually any industry or business maintaining inventories and having sales. These figures act as an efficient and effective benchmark with which to compare the business in question, in order to determine its effectiveness relative to its capital investment. Too frequent inventory turns can be as great a potential problem as too few. Too frequent inventory turns may indicate the business is trying to overwork a limited capital base, and may carry with it the attendant costs of stock-outs and unhappy and lost customers. Stock turns or turnover, is the number of times the average inventory of a given product is sold annually. It is an important concept because it helps to determine what the inventory level should be to achieve or support the sales levels predicted or desired. Inventory turnover is computed by dividing the volume of goods sold by the average inventory. Stock turns or inventory turnover can be calculated by the following equations: Stock Turn = Cost of Goods Sold Average Inventory at Cost Stock Turn = Sales Average Inventory at Sales Value If the inventory is recorded at cost, stock turn equals cost of goods sold divided by the average inventory. If the inventory is recorded at sales value, stock turn is equal to sales divided by average inventory. Stock turns four times a year on the average for many businesses. Jewelry stores are slow, with two turns a year, and grocery stores may go up to 45 turns a year. If the dollar value of a particular inventory compares favorably with  the industry average, but the turnover of the inventory is less than the industry average, a further analysis of that inventory is needed. Is it too heavy in some areas? Are there reasons that suggest more inventories are needed in certain categories? Are there conditions peculiar to that particular firm? The point is that all markets are not uniform and circumstances may be found that will justify a variation from average figures. Handout 06/02 – Inventory Control Page 7 of 8 In the accumulation of comparative data for any particular type of firm, a wide variation will be found for most significant statistical comparisons. Averages are just that, and often most firms in the group are somewhat different from that result. Nevertheless, they serve as very useful guides for the adequacy of industry turnover, and for other ratios as well. The important thing for each firm is to know how the firm compares with the averages and to deter- mine whether deviations from the averages are to its benefit or disadvantage. STEP 5: Follow-up and Control Periodic reviews of the inventory to detect slow-moving or obsolete stock and to identify fast sellers are essential for proper inventory management. Taking regular and periodic inventories must be more than just totaling the costs. Any clerk can do the work of recording an inventory. However, it is the responsibility of key management to study the figures and review the items themselves in order to make correct decisions about the disposal, replacement, or discontinuance of different segments of the inventory base. Just as an airline cannot make money with its airplanes on the ground, a firm cannot earn a profit in the absence of sales of goods. Keeping the inventory attractive to customers is a prime prerequisite for healthy sales. Again, the sellers inventory is usually his largest investment. It will earn profits in direct proportion to the effort and skill applied in its  management. Inventory quantities must be organized and measured carefully. Minimum stocks must be assured to prevent stock-outs or the lack of product. At the same time, they must be balanced against excessive inventory because of carrying costs. In larger retail organizations and in many manufacturing operations, purchasing has evolved as a distinct new and separate phase of management to achieve the dual objective of higher turnover and lower investment. If this type of strategy is to be utilized, however, extremely careful attention and constant review must be built into the management system in order to avoid getting caught short by unexpected changes in the larger business environment. Caution and periodic review of reorder points and quantities are a must. Individual market size of some products can change suddenly and corrections should be made. Source: U.S. Small Business Administration Edited by SCORE 471 Handout 06/02 – Inventory Control Page 8 of 8

Comparing UK and US Gang Culture

Comparing UK and US Gang Culture Popular perceptions of gang activity are often based on sensationalized images created in the media. They vary from dramatic reports of â€Å"gangland† shootings to images of young men terrorizing the local neighborhood. Indeed, there are elements of gang culture that are criminal and threatening for the local population; however, gang culture is so complex that a single definition has yet to be agreed upon by social scientists. The primary issue of controversy is whether criminality is a central and causal. Thrasher’s (1927) pioneering study was the first to look at group processes and psychology of gang life. Through his study of 1,313 Chicago gangs, he concluded gangs are part of the psychological and group process of teenagers in economically deprived communities. He believed gangs are: group(s) originally formed spontaneously, and then integrated through conflict†¦.characterized by the following types of behavior: meeting face to face, milling, movement through space as a unit, conflict, and planning. The result†¦.is the development of tradition, unreflective internal structure, esprit de corps, solidarity, morale, group awareness, and attachment to a local territory. (pg 46) By the ‘50s and ‘60s, the popular view changed – the perception of gangs became one of fear and threat.. Miller (1975) and Klein (1971) published papers defining gangs as innately criminal. Miller’s pessimistic perspective is apparent in his classification of gangs as: â€Å"a group of recurrently associating individuals with identifiable leadership and internal organization, identifying with or claiming control over territory in the community, and engaging either individually or collectively in violent or other forms of illegal behavior† (pg 9). Miller was echoed by Klein (1971), who defined gangs as: â€Å"any denotable group of youngsters who†¦..recognize themselves as a notable group†¦. (and) have been involved in a sufficient number of delinquent incidents to call forth a consistent negative response from†¦..residents and/or law enforcement agencies† (pg 13) This theme was taken up by law enforcement agencies, and the idea of the gang as a part of the moral order of the community was subsequently gone. The sociological definition of gang was replaced by terms mainly useful to law enforcement, which are still used to this day. Brantley and DiRosa of the FBI (1994) describe gangs as groups of â€Å"individuals†¦..who associate on a continual basis for the purpose of committing criminal acts†. But other researchers maintain the Thrasher group process hypothesis. Moore argues against Miller and Kleins definitions, as she believes they are circular: the definitions include the very behaviour i.e. crime that they are trying to understand. Thrasher and Moores definitions differ significantly from Klein and Millers. Moore (1998) believes criminality is not inherent to gangs and views them instead as â€Å"unsupervised peer groups†¦socialized by the streets rather than by conventional institutions.† The debate continues, and the lack of agreement regarding the defining features of gangs has made consistent findings and generalizations problematic. Criminal activity remains a pivotal issue in the debate; the criminality of gangs waxes and wanes, and to use criminality to distinguish a group from a gangs is a misleading and unhelpful process. The Phenomenon â€Å"Gang† in the UK and USA Discuss. Anywhere in the world were there are unsettled neighborhoods or a transient population, there are likely to be gangs of youths, coming together to seek the security, sense of belonging and structure they lack in their communities. Traditionally, UK interventions to curtail gang activity have been based largely on the US model, where gang conflict has a long and complex history. However research into why youths join gangs in the UK found important differences between British gangs and their US counterparts, which has lead to a change in the British governments approach. British gangs tend to be gentler than those in America, which are more likely to generate distinct identities, rigid structures and be involved in criminal acts (Klein, 1995). UK gangs lack the American-style initiation ceremonies and specific styles of clothing. In the USA large portions of the population exist on the edge of communities, creating breading grounds for criminal street gangs. In certain urban ghettos men rejoice when they reach 25 years of age because gangland fighting kills more young people than illness or accidents (Community Cares, 1994). Often these areas will be economically deprived. The longstanding social security system in the UK has prevented the same situation occurring. The USA takes a different approach and makes frequent cuts in its social program, investing instead in its penal system. In 2003 the British government proposed to revamp youth services, in an effort to reverse the 18% decrease in youth services since the 1980’s. The new legislation places a requirement upon all local authorities to meet certain standards by 2005, and expects them to critically assessment the youth service provision within their area. Councils were asked to make a promise to youths to provide not only the usual meeting places for personal and social development, (i.e. youth clubs and activities), but also programmes related to peer education and ways of ensuring their views are heard. The government pledged  £83m to the programme. However, the British government are also taking a stronger stance against â€Å"antisocial behavior†, which frequently involves gangs of adolescents. Although the new anti-social behavior legislation is not aimed specifically at gangs, its purpose is to reduce feelings of intimidation within communities, which is often concurrent with gang formation. Once an Anti-Social Behavior Order (ASBO) is issued, the accused must abide by the stipulations in the ASBO or potentially face criminal proceedings. The US was similarly preoccupied with anti-social behavior in the 1990’s, when task forces such as Operation Weed and Seed, and the Office of Community-Oriented Policing Services anti-gang drive, had at it’s core the desire curb or contain street gangs. New legislation was passed and many states enacted statutes to assist law enforcers. In both the US and UK, this was a response to a concerned electorate, made anxious by the tabloid media. There must be a move in the US towards interventions that do not criminalize young people. The question that should be asked is why are young people joining gangs. The answer is well researched; the need for structure, nurturing, a sense of belonging and perceived economic opportunity create breeding grounds for gangs. If goverments adopt adequate social security programs to meet these basic needs, gangs will not evolve – they ultimatly reflect the society that has shaped them. References Brantley, A. C., DiRosa, A. (1994) Gangs: A National Perspective. The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. New York Klein, M. W. (1995) The American Street Gang. Oxford University Press. New York. Koutos, L., Brotherton, D., Barrios, L. (2003) Gangs and Society: Alternative Perspectives. Columbia University Press. Miller, W. (1975) Violence by Youth Gangs and Youth Groups as a Crime problem in Major American Cities. Washington Department of Justice. Washington. Moore, J. W. 1998. â€Å"Understanding Youth Street Gangs: Economic Restructuring and the Urban Underclass.† In M. W. Watts (Ed.), Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Youth and Violence (pp. 65-78), Stamford, CT: JAI. Thrasher, F. M. (1927) The Gang: A Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago. Chicago III. University of Chicago Press. USA (1994) Community Cares (1994). Socialist review, 179. Retrieved February 10, 2006, from http://pubs.socialist reviewindex.org.uk/sr179/msmith.htm